G8MNY TECH 23.08.19 06:13l 86 Lines 4451 Bytes #365 (0) @ WW
BID : 18580_GB7CIP
Subj: AC Theory
Path: OK0NBR IR2UBX DB0RES DB0OVN DB0GOS ON0AR GB7CIP
Sent: 190823/0911Z @:GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EURO #:18580 [Caterham Surrey GBR]
From: G8MNY@GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EURO
To : TECH@WW

By G8MNY (Updated Mar 08)
(8 Bit ASCII graphics use code page 437 or 850, Terminal Font)
RMS is the DC equivalent power of AC, & for a sine wave is 70.7% of the peak value. e.g. the peak value is √2 (1.414) time bigger than the RMS meter reading!

325V PK_+ _ +
230V____│ /' `\ Sine Wave 230V DC_│__________
RMS │ │50 Hz│ MAINS │ D C
0v─┤│- - - -│- - - -│ 0v─┤- - - - - -
│ A C │ │ │
- \._./ -
0 10mS 20mS Time

POWER V x I POWER V x I
│ _ _ │
│ / \ / \ │
MEAN_│ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ _│__________
│ ▌ ▐ ▌ ▐ │
│_/_ _ _\_/_ _ _\_ │_ _ _ _ _ _
Power Sine Wave
@ 2x Frequency

Unlike DC circuits in AC circuits the power is the mean of the Instantaneous Power which is made from the instantaneous Voltage X instantaneous Current.

For complex non resistive power loads it is usual to use a term Power Factor to describe the rating factor to be applied to the RMS Volts X RMS Amps to get the true power rating. Some items are rated in Watts & some in VA depending on which is the safer limit for that item.
e.g. a kettle is rated in watts & a transformer is rated in VA.

At power stations the amount of Volt Amp Reactive (VARS) is monitored as an indication of how much wasted energy flows to & from the customers, just heating up the transmission system. As the transmission lines are capacitive some inductive power factor is a good idea as it tunes out this capacitance.

____ ===== ___ =====
───┤____├─── ────┤├──── ───())))──── ──┤___├──())))──
Pure Resistive Pure Capacitor Pure Inductor Complex
V _ _ _ _
│ /' `\ │ /' `\ │ /' `\ │ /' `\
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤│ - - - │ - - - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ \._./ -│ \._./ │ \._./ │ \._./

I IN PHASE I LEADING 90° I LAGGING 90° I @ SOME ANGLE
I _ _ _ _ _
│ /' `\ │ `\ /' │ /' `\ │ /' `\
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤ - -│ - - - │ ┼ - -│ - - - │ - - ┼ │ - - - │ - - -
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ││ │ │ │ \._./ │ \._./ │_./ \._ │ \._./
No Current @ 0V + max current @ 0V - max current @ 0V Some current @ 0V

Power_ _ + & - Power - & + Power - & + Power
│ / \ / \ +│ Zero Net power +│ Zero Net Power +│ _ _
│ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ │ _ _ │ _ _ │ / \ / \
│ ▌ ▐ ▌ ▐ │ / \ / \ │ / \ / \ │ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ │_/_ _ _\_/_ _ _\_ │ _ ▌ _ ▐ _ ▌ _ │ _ ▐ _ ▌ _ ▐ _ ▌ │ ▌ _ ▐ _ ▌ _ ▐ _
│ Always Positive │ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ │ ▌ ▐ ▌ ▐ │/ \_/ \_/ │ │ \_/ \_/ │ \_/ \_/ │ some net power
│ -│ Equal + - power -│ Equal + - power -│

Power Factor 1.0 Power Factor 0.0 Power Factor 0.0 Power Factor 0.7

PHASE I Current
-. /│\ Current ┌─────── V Lagging Rotation `\ │ Leading │90° Current ,──────── V
| │90° │ Lagging `-._ ø Angle
o ─────── V & I └──────── V \│/ `- I
I


See my Tech buls "Maplin Mains Meter 2000MU-UK", "UK 13A Fused Mains Plug", & "Tuned Circuit Scope Demo".


Why Don't U send an interesting bul?

--- Mystic BBS v1.12 A43 (Linux/32)
* Origin: HAMRADIO telnet slacko.kozow.com (21:5/101)

G8MNY TECH 23.08.19 06:13l 86 Lines 4451 Bytes #365 (0) @ WW
BID : 18580_GB7CIP
Read: GUEST
Subj: AC Theory
Path: OK0NBR IR2UBX DB0RES DB0OVN DB0GOS ON0AR GB7CIP
Sent: 190823/0911Z @:GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EURO #:18580 [Caterham Surrey GBR]
From: G8MNY@GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EURO
To : TECH@WW

By G8MNY (Updated Mar 08)
(8 Bit ASCII graphics use code page 437 or 850, Terminal Font)
RMS is the DC equivalent power of AC, & for a sine wave is 70.7% of the peak value. e.g. the peak value is √2 (1.414) time bigger than the RMS meter reading!

325V PK_+ _ +
230V____│ /' `\ Sine Wave 230V DC_│__________
RMS │ │50 Hz│ MAINS │ D C
0v─┤│- - - -│- - - -│ 0v─┤- - - - - -
│ A C │ │ │
- \._./ -
0 10mS 20mS Time

POWER V x I POWER V x I
│ _ _ │
│ / \ / \ │
MEAN_│ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ _│__________
│ ▌ ▐ ▌ ▐ │
│_/_ _ _\_/_ _ _\_ │_ _ _ _ _ _
Power Sine Wave
@ 2x Frequency

Unlike DC circuits in AC circuits the power is the mean of the Instantaneous Power which is made from the instantaneous Voltage X instantaneous Current.

For complex non resistive power loads it is usual to use a term Power Factor to describe the rating factor to be applied to the RMS Volts X RMS Amps to get the true power rating. Some items are rated in Watts & some in VA depending on which is the safer limit for that item.
e.g. a kettle is rated in watts & a transformer is rated in VA.

At power stations the amount of Volt Amp Reactive (VARS) is monitored as an indication of how much wasted energy flows to & from the customers, just heating up the transmission system. As the transmission lines are capacitive some inductive power factor is a good idea as it tunes out this capacitance.

____ ===== ___ =====
───┤____├─── ────┤├──── ───())))──── ──┤___├──())))──
Pure Resistive Pure Capacitor Pure Inductor Complex
V _ _ _ _
│ /' `\ │ /' `\ │ /' `\ │ /' `\
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤│ - - - │ - - - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ \._./ -│ \._./ │ \._./ │ \._./

I IN PHASE I LEADING 90° I LAGGING 90° I @ SOME ANGLE
I _ _ _ _ _
│ /' `\ │ `\ /' │ /' `\ │ /' `\
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
┤│ - - - │ - - - │ ┤ - -│ - - - │ ┼ - -│ - - - │ - - ┼ │ - - - │ - - -
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ││ │ │ │ \._./ │ \._./ │_./ \._ │ \._./
No Current @ 0V + max current @ 0V - max current @ 0V Some current @ 0V

Power_ _ + & - Power - & + Power - & + Power
│ / \ / \ +│ Zero Net power +│ Zero Net Power +│ _ _
│ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ │ _ _ │ _ _ │ / \ / \
│ ▌ ▐ ▌ ▐ │ / \ / \ │ / \ / \ │ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ │_/_ _ _\_/_ _ _\_ │ _ ▌ _ ▐ _ ▌ _ │ _ ▐ _ ▌ _ ▐ _ ▌ │ ▌ _ ▐ _ ▌ _ ▐ _
│ Always Positive │ ▐ ▌ ▐ ▌ │ ▌ ▐ ▌ ▐ │/ \_/ \_/ │ │ \_/ \_/ │ \_/ \_/ │ some net power
│ -│ Equal + - power -│ Equal + - power -│

Power Factor 1.0 Power Factor 0.0 Power Factor 0.0 Power Factor 0.7

PHASE I Current
-. /│\ Current ┌─────── V Lagging Rotation `\ │ Leading │90° Current ,──────── V
| │90° │ Lagging `-._ ø Angle
o ─────── V & I └──────── V \│/ `- I
I


See my Tech buls "Maplin Mains Meter 2000MU-UK", "UK 13A Fused Mains Plug", & "Tuned Circuit Scope Demo".


Why Don't U send an interesting bul?

--- Mystic BBS v1.12 A43 (Linux/32)
* Origin: HAMRADIO telnet slacko.kozow.com (21:5/101)